English Grammar
English grammar lectures and rules
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Grammatical Characteristics of Qualitative Adjectives.
3. Тавсифи грамматикии сифати дарчаи оли Adjectives are those words which describe noun or pronouns. Qualitative and Quantitative Adjectives are two among seven types of Adjectives. Qualitative Adjectives deal with characteristics of people or objects. Qualitative Adjectives are those Adjectives which can describe quality of living beings or non-living things,…
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The Numeral. Kind of Numerals.
2. Ракамхо. Намудхои ракам Numerals in English is a part of speech that defines the number or the order of items. Words indicating number are called numerals. They are adjectives, nouns or adverbs. 1. There are seven days in the week. [Adjective]. 2. Twelve make a dozen. [Noun]. 3. I…
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The Use of Definite and Indefinite Articles
1.Истифодаи артиклхои муаяни ва номуаян In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the…
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The Use of Definite and Indefinite Articles
1.Истифодаи артиклхои муаяни ва номуаян In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the…
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“Man, the Many-Pocketed Animal Or, Why do Skirts have no Trouser-Pockets? Fashion and (Anti-) Feminism in Kenneth Grahame’s “The Wind in the Willows”byEva Oppermann, University of Kassel
I would like to begin my paper with a short but significant anecdote: when I was on a school excursion to Vienna, about ten years ago, I once took a tram to the city together with my friend Tini, and one of our teachers. Suddenly, the teacher asked me if…
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“Alice in Wonderland” by L. Carroll. Chapter 5. “Advice from a Caterpillar”
The Caterpillar and Alice looked at each other for some time in silence: at last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth, and addressed her in a languid, sleepy voice. `Who are YOU?’ said the Caterpillar. This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice replied, rather…
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“Invisible man” by G. Wells. Chapter II. Mr. Teddy Henfrey’s First Impressions
At four o’clock, when it was fairly dark and Mrs. Hall was screwing up her courage to go in and ask her visitor if he would take some tea, Teddy Henfrey, the clock-jobber, came into the bar. “My sakes! Mrs. Hall,” said he, “but this is terrible weather for thin…
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“Feminist Studies” Volume 23, Number 3 by Claire G. Moses pp. 594-599
Conclusion I do not mean to imply that the lines on the question of separatism ran strictly in accordance with sexuality or that no other factors shaped the political practices of separatist organizing. As the evidence presented here makes clear, women with in the international women’s movement in the first…
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“Feminist Studies” Volume 23, Number 3 by Claire G. Moses pp. 550-553
GENDERS UNDER PRODUCTION When Mexico’s Border Industrialization Program was established in 1965, it was already framed in public, gendered rhet:lrics. The border, export-processing factories, known as “maquilas,” were ostensibly intended to hire men expelled from migrant labor jobs in the United States. However, like other export-processing factories in free-trade zones…
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“Feminist Studies” Volume 23, Number 3 by Claire G. Moses pp.543 – 546
Male workers were willing to identify with her position, in terms of a shared class identity, as a “poor” person in need of employment; yet this shared identity implicitly rested on her new position within a patriarchal family where she was contributing to her husband’s household. This collective class support…
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Stylistic tests
Part I 1. Find the word which is bookish in style: a. darkness b. harmony c. foolish d. glad 2. Find the word which is colloquial in style: a. parent b. father c. dad d. ancestor 3. Find a non-literary word (slang): a. wife b. sister c. missus d. mother…
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Familiar colloquial style isrepresented in spoken variety
Phonetic features: a) Casual and often careless pronunciation, use of deviant forms, e. g. gonna instead of going to, whatcha instead of what do you, dunno instead of don’t know. b) Use of reduced and contracted forms, e.g. you’re, they’ve, I’d. c) Omission of unaccented elements due to quick tempo…
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Literary colloquial style
Phonetic features: a) Standard pronunciation in compliance (in accordance) with the national norm, enunciation (хорошая дикция). b) Phonetic compression of frequently used forms, e.g. it’s, don’t, I’ve. c) Omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo, e.g. you know him? Morphological features: Use of regular morphological features, e. g.…
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Publicist (media) style
Phonetic features (in oratory): a) Standard pronunciation, wide use of prosody as a means of conveying the subtle shades of meaning, overtones and emotions. b) Phonetic compression. Morphological features: a) Frequent use of non-finite verb forms, such as gerund, participle, infinitive. b) Use of non-perfect verb forms. c) Omission of…
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Scientific/academic style
Morphological features: a) Terminological word building and word-derivation: neologism formation by affixation and conversion. b) Restricted use of finite verb forms. c) Use of the author’s we instead of I. d) Frequent use of impersonal constructions. Syntactical features: a) Complete and standard syntactical mode of expression. b) Syntactical precision to…
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The style of official documents
Morphological features: a) Adherence to the norm, sometimes outdated or even archaic, e. g. in legal documents. Syntactical features: a) Use of long complex sentences with several types of coordination and subordination (up to 70 % of the text). b) Use of passive and participial constructions, numerous connectives. c) Use…
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Functional stylistics
1. The notion of style in functional stylistics The notion of style has to do with how we use the language under specific circumstances for a specific purpose. The notion of using English, apart from using our knowledge of its linguistic structure also involves awareness of the numerous situations in…
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Words of the colloquial layer
This layer also includes several subgroups: a) Colloquialisms or common colloquial words are the words that occupy an intermediate position between literary and non-literary stylistic layers and are used in conversational type of everyday speech (awfully sorry, a pretty little thing, teenager, flapper etc).They are usually used in private talks.…
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Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary
1. Words of the neutral layer The word stock of any language may be represented as a definite system in which different aspects of words may be singled out as interdependent. Words may be grouped together on the basis of their common stylistic reference. Consider, for example, the following groups…
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Syntactical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
The principal criteria for classifying syntactical stylistic devices are: 1) The juxtaposition of the parts of an utterance; 2) The type of connection of the parts; 3) The peculiar use of colloquial constructions; 4) The transference of structural meaning. 1. The devices built on the principle of juxtaposition are: a)…
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All about Oxymoron
It’s a device which consists in joining together words of contradictory meaning. In a laconic way oxymoron shows the existing discrepancy (противоречие) of the object. We distinguish the following types: Adjective + noun: sweet pain Adjective + adjective: the biggest little town; Verb + preposition + noun: to ruin by…
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What is Irony?
Irony is a stylistic device also based on the simultaneous realization of two logical meanings – dictionary and contextual, but these two meanings stand in opposition to each other. A denomination is replaced by its opposite. The notion named and the notion meant are different. Example 19: It must be…
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Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices
There are three big subdivisions in this class of devices and they all deal with the semantic natureof a word or phrase. I. Interaction of different types of a word’s meanings: dictionary, contextual, derivative, nominal, and emotive. A interplay of dictionary and contextual meanings B interaction of primary and derivative…
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Expressive means (EM) and stylistic devices (SD)
In linguistics there are different terms to denote those particular means by which a writer obtains his effect. Expressive means, stylistic means, stylistic devices and other terms are all used indiscriminately. For our purposes it is necessary to make a distinction between expressive means and stylistic devices. All stylistic means…
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Linguistic basis of stylistics
1. The subject of Stylistics Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which examines, analyses and classifies various phenomena of the vocabulary, grammar and phonetics from the point of view of their stylistic function. In other words it studies principles and effects of a choice and use of phonetic, lexical, grammatical…
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Classes of adjectives
According to the meaning and grammatical characteristics adjectives fall into two classes: 1) qualitative adjectives, and 2) relative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives denote such properties as size, colour, physical or mental qualities, etc. which a living being or an object, etc. may possess in various degrees and thus their amount or…
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Adjective definition in english
Adjective Definition The adjective is a part of speech which denotes the property of substance. This is the nominative class of words though functionally limited as compared with nouns. This means that adjectives are not supposed to name objects: they can only describe them in terms of the material they…
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Article determination of certain noun groups
Article determination of certain noun groups Some English nouns present special difficulties in the use of articles. Here are 5 groups of them. a) Morning, day, afternoon, evening, night. With regard to meaning and syntactic position the nouns can be determined by the zero (no article), definite and indefinite article.…
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Definite article: usage
The definite article whose function is that of identification or individualization of living beings, things, or notions, may refer to any noun of any class both in the singular and plural. The individual description of countable/uncountable, animate/inanimate and human/ non-human nouns with reference to the definite article is unnecessary because…
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Definition and Functions of article
Article Definition The article is a specific class of words that determine or specify nouns in the most general way. Therefore, the article is the main formal feature characteristic of the noun. Note that in the British tradition, alongside with pronouns and numerals used attributively, articles are regarded as determiners.…
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