English Grammar
English grammar lectures and rules
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Qualitative and Relative Adjectives ADJECTIVES IN ENGLISH
Adjective is a speech part determining nouns. They answer the question What kind? There’re common/descriptive and proper/personality adjectives. Multi-root adjectives are compound. Adjectives make description more specific.Mexican foodfaraway landQualitative AdjectivesSemantically adjectives may be qualitative or relative. Qualitative adjectives describe objects directly by denoting their shape, size, color or other general…
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Indefinite Pronouns some, any, no What is an indefinite pronoun?
Indefinite pronouns are those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places. They are called “indefinite” simply because they do not indicate the exact object, being, or place to which they refer.Indefinite pronouns include partitives such as any, anybody, anyone, either, neither, nobody, no, someone, and some; they…
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SUBSTANTIVIZED ADJECTIVES
Adjectives can often become substantivized (become nouns). In such cases they are either wholly (fully), or partially substantivized.I. Wholly substantivized adjectives(converted into nouns) acquire allthe features of nouns: number, case, articles. They denote:1) Class nouns:a relative, a native, a savage, a criminal, a white, а black,a romantic, a cynic, a…
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The Subjunctive Mood
A verb is in the subjunctive mood when it expresses a condition which is doubtful or not factual. It is most often found in a clause beginning with the word if. It is also found in clauses following a verb that expresses a doubt, a wish, regret, request, demand, or…
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CASES OF NOUNS IN ENGLISH – POSSESSIVE CASE AND COMMON CASE
There are only two cases of nouns in English: possessive case and common case.English nouns have only two cases: Possessive Case where nouns take the special ending; and Common Case where nouns don’t have any ending.The Common case is the form in which the noun is given in the dictionary.English…
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Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives in English
ADJECTIVE DEGREES Forms Positive Comparative Superlative Non-comparative Comparing two nouns compare more Base adjective adj+than than two nouns Frank is sweet Gwen is sweeter the+adj than Frank mirror on the wall, who is the fairest of them all? An adjective in English is a part of speech that describes or…
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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct and indirect speech can be a source of confusion for English learners. Let’s first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:by…
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MOOD OF VERB
English verbs have four moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and infinitive.Mood is the form of the verb that shows the mode or manner in which a thought is expressed.1. Indicative Mood: expresses an assertion, denial, or question:Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.Ostriches cannot fly.Have you finished your homework?2. Imperative Mood:…
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Verb, the categories of voice and aspect The category of voice
The category of voice expresses the relations between the subject and the object of the action. He invited his friends. – He was invited by his friends. In the first sentence he – is a doctor of the action, in the second – the object of the action.The grammatical category…
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Difference Between Regular and Irregular Verbs
VERBS REGULAR IIREGULAR Verbs are those words which express the action or state of the subject in a sentence. There are certain forms which a verb can take, called as ‘principal parts of verbs‘, these are infinitive, third person present, simple past, past participle and present participle. If you take…
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The Verb. The Categories of Person and Number
The categories of person and number are greatly intertwined in the system of the English verb. These categories differ from the rest of morphological categories of the verb in that they express not processual, but substantial semantics thus correlating the the predicate of the sentence with its subject. For example…
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Concrete and abstract nouns and their differentiation
Abstract nouns are words that name things that are not concrete. Your five physical senses cannot detect an abstract noun – you can’t see it, smell it, taste it, hear it, or touch it. Concrete nouns are the easiest to understand, as they are words for things that physically exist:…
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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF DEGREE OF ADVERB
An adverb of degree is used to discuss the degree or intensity Of an adjective, an action, or another adverb. There are so many adverbs of degree that it’s impossible to list them all in one short guide. Almost, Absolutely, Barely, Completely, Deeply, Enough, Fairly, Fully, Greatly, Hardly Example: They…
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Countable and uncountable nouns and their differentiation
Исмхои шумурдашаванда ва шумурданашаванда ва фаркияти онхо. In English grammar, countable nouns are individual people, animals, places, things, or ideas which can be counted. Uncountable nouns are not individual objects, so they cannot be counted. Notice that singular verbs are used with singular countable nouns, while plural verbs are used…
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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF ADJECTIVE
What is an adjective? An adjective is a word that defines, qualifies or modifies the meaning of a noun, or more rarely of a pronoun. It expresses a quality or attribute of the word it qualifies. There are two main categories of adjectives: 1. -Comparison Big, bigger, biggest 2. Descriptive…
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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
What is a personal pronoun? A personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular person, in the grammatical sense. When discussing “person” in terms of the grammatical, the following rules apply: * first person, as in “I” * second person, as in “you” * third person,…
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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF ADVERB
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, determined, clause, preposition, or sentence. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc., answering questions such as how?, in what?, way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. Adverbs are one of the four major word classes,…
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TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH
In English, there are four types of questions *general or yes-no questions * choice questions *special questions using wh-words * question tags General or yes-no questions Common questions that can be answered with a simple “yes” or “no” are logically called yes/no questions. Example; * DO you like this country?…
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IRREGULAR FORM OF PLURAL OF NOUNS IN ENGLISH
WHAT are irregular plural nouns? IRREGULAR plural nouns are irregular nouns in the plural form. An irregular noun is a noun that becomes plural by changing its spelling in other than adding an “s” or “es” to the end of the word. This change can happen in a variety (гуногун)…
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Grammatical category of possessive case of noun and its formation
There are only two cases of nouns in English: possessive case and common case. The lesson shows the formation of cases and gives examples of the occurrencesoccurrencesnof possessive case of nouns. Possessive Case where nouns take the special ending; and Common Case where nouns don’t have any ending. Singular nouns…
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THE NOUN AND ITS GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
19, 21. ИСМ ВА ДАРАЧАХОИ ГРАММАТИКИИ ОН. What is a noun? A noun is a part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality or action. A noun can function as a subject, object, complement, appositive, or object of a preposition. Nouns have a grammatical category…
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The Category of tense of verb
Мафхуми асосии замонхои феъл. The grammatical category of tense is a category which expresses the relations between the time of the action and the moment of speech. They are usually three tenses in English: -The Past -The Present -The Future The present tens is are regularly transposed into the sphere…
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Transitive and intransitive verbs
Феълхои монда ва гузаранда An action verb with a direct object is transitive while an action verb with no direct object is intransitive. Some verbs, such as arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, and die, are always intransitive; it is impossible for a direct object to follow. Other action verbs, however,…
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THE USE OF THE VERB SHOULD
Should is an auxiliary verb – a modal auxiliary verb. We use should mainly to: * give advice or make recommendations. * talk about obligation * talk about probability and expectation * express the conditional mood Should is the past tense of shall in indirect speech. * The officer said,…
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The functions of the infinitive in the sentence
The infinitive is the base form of a verb. Present infinitive is the most common. There are four other forms of the infinitive. Perfect infinitive Perfect continuous infinitive Continuous infinitive Passive infinitive The present infinitive has two forms: * the to-infinitive=to+base. To sit, to eat, to have * the zero…
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THE FUNCTIONS OF THE GERUND IN THE SENTENCE
11. Вазифахои герундий дар чумла A gerund is a type of verbal that ends in-ing and is used like a noun. Gerunds can also function as the subject of the sentence, the direct object, or as the subject complement. They can also act as an object of a preposition. In…
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MODAL VERBS AND THEIR GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS
9. Феъли модали ва вахифахои грамматикии он Modal verbs are used in conjunction with verbs to express their function. Examples are permission, obligation, lack of necessity, possibility, ability, prohibition, advice and probability. You must remember that modal verbs are followed by an infinitive but without the word “to”. Modal verbs…
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THE FUNCTIONS OF CARDINAL NUMERALS IN THE SENTENCES
7. Вазифахои шуморахои микдори дар чумла Cardinal numerals indicate exact number; they are used in counting. As to their structure, the cardinal numerals from 1 to 12 and 100, 1000, are simple words (one, two, three, etc., hundred, thousand, million). Such cardinal numerals as hundred, thousand, million may be used…
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THE FUNCTIONS OF THE VERB IN THE SENTENCE
6. Вазифахои феъл дар чумла Verbs are necessary component of all sentences. Verbs have two important functions: Some verbs put subjects into motion while other verbs help to clarify the subjects in meaningful ways. The important thing to remember is that every subject in a sentence must have a verb.…
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Adverbial Clauses of Time and Place
An adverb clause serves the purpose of an adverb. ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME Adverb clauses of time are introduced by subordinating conjunctions like when, whenever, before, after, as, since, till, once and now that. Example: 1.when you heat ice, it melts. 2. After the match ended. Once and now that…
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