Year: 2021
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Grammatical category of possessive case of noun and its formation
There are only two cases of nouns in English: possessive case and common case.The lesson shows the formation of cases and gives examples of the occurrencesoccurrencesnof possessive case of nouns.Possessive Case where nouns take the special ending; andCommon Case where nouns don’t have any ending.Singular nouns form their possessive case…
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THE NOUN AND ITS GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
19, 21. ИСМ ВА ДАРАЧАХОИ ГРАММАТИКИИ ОН.What is a noun?A noun is a part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality or action. A noun can function as a subject, object, complement, appositive, or object of a preposition. Nouns have a grammatical category called “number”.…
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The Category of tense of verb
Мафхуми асосии замонхои феъл. The grammatical category of tense is a category which expresses the relations between the time of the action and the moment of speech. They are usually three tenses in English:-The Past-The Present-The FutureThe present tens is are regularly transposed into the sphere of the futureThe past…
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Transitive and intransitive verbs
Феълхои монда ва гузарандаAn action verb with a direct object is transitive while an action verb with no direct object is intransitive. Some verbs, such as arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, and die, are always intransitive; it is impossible for a direct object to follow.Other action verbs, however, can be…
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THE USE OF THE VERB SHOULD
Should is an auxiliary verb – a modal auxiliary verb. We use should mainly to:* give advice or make recommendations.* talk about obligation* talk about probability and expectation* express the conditional moodShould is the past tense of shall in indirect speech.* The officer said, ‘The scoundrel shall be given a…
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The functions of the infinitive in the sentence
The infinitive is the base form of a verb. Present infinitive is the most common. There are four other forms of the infinitive.Perfect infinitivePerfect continuous infinitiveContinuous infinitivePassive infinitiveThe present infinitive has two forms:* the to-infinitive=to+base. To sit, to eat, to have* the zero infinitive=base. Sit, eat, haveThe negative infinitive is…
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THE FUNCTIONS OF THE GERUND IN THE SENTENCE
11. Вазифахои герундий дар чумлаA gerund is a type of verbal that ends in-ing and is used like a noun. Gerunds can also function as the subject of the sentence, the direct object, or as the subject complement. They can also act as an object of a preposition. In most…
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MODAL VERBS AND THEIR GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS
9. Феъли модали ва вахифахои грамматикии онModal verbs are used in conjunction with verbs to express their function. Examples are permission, obligation, lack of necessity, possibility, ability, prohibition, advice and probability. You must remember that modal verbs are followed by an infinitive but without the word “to”. Modal verbs are…
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THE FUNCTIONS OF CARDINAL NUMERALS IN THE SENTENCES
7. Вазифахои шуморахои микдори дар чумлаCardinal numerals indicate exact number; they are used in counting. As to their structure, the cardinal numerals from 1 to 12 and 100, 1000, are simple words (one, two, three, etc., hundred, thousand, million).Such cardinal numerals as hundred, thousand, million may be used with articles…
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THE FUNCTIONS OF THE VERB IN THE SENTENCE
6. Вазифахои феъл дар чумлаVerbs are necessary component of all sentences. Verbs have two important functions: Some verbs put subjects into motion while other verbs help to clarify the subjects in meaningful ways.The important thing to remember is that every subject in a sentence must have a verb.Otherwise, you will…
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Adverbial Clauses of Time and Place
An adverb clause serves the purpose of an adverb. ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIMEAdverb clauses of time are introduced by subordinating conjunctions like when, whenever, before, after, as, since, till, once and now that.Example:1.when you heat ice, it melts.2. After the match ended.Once and now that are sometimes used as conjunction…
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Grammatical Characteristics of Qualitative Adjectives.
3. Тавсифи грамматикии сифати дарчаи олиAdjectives are those words which describe noun or pronouns. Qualitative and Quantitative Adjectives are two among seven types of Adjectives.Qualitative Adjectives deal with characteristics of people or objects. Qualitative Adjectives are those Adjectives which can describe quality of living beings or non-living things, what kind?…
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The Numeral. Kind of Numerals.
2. Ракамхо. Намудхои ракамNumerals in English is a part of speech that defines the number or the order of items. Words indicating number are called numerals. They are adjectives, nouns or adverbs.1. There are seven days in the week. [Adjective].2. Twelve make a dozen. [Noun].3. I have called twice. [Adverb].There…
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The Use of Definite and Indefinite Articles
1.Истифодаи артиклхои муаяни ва номуаянIn English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader.…
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The Use of Definite and Indefinite Articles
1.Истифодаи артиклхои муаяни ва номуаянIn English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader.…
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“Man, the Many-Pocketed Animal Or, Why do Skirts have no Trouser-Pockets? Fashion and (Anti-) Feminism in Kenneth Grahame’s “The Wind in the Willows”byEva Oppermann, University of Kassel
I would like to begin my paper with a short but significant anecdote: when I was on a school excursion to Vienna, about ten years ago, I once took a tram to the city together with my friend Tini, and one of our teachers. Suddenly, the teacher asked me if…
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“Alice in Wonderland” by L. Carroll. Chapter 5. “Advice from a Caterpillar”
The Caterpillar and Alice looked at each other for some time in silence: at last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth, and addressed her in a languid, sleepy voice.`Who are YOU?’ said the Caterpillar.This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice replied, rather shyly, `I–I…
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“Invisible man” by G. Wells. Chapter II. Mr. Teddy Henfrey’s First Impressions
At four o’clock, when it was fairly dark and Mrs. Hall was screwing up her courage to go in and ask her visitor if he would take some tea, Teddy Henfrey, the clock-jobber, came into the bar. “My sakes! Mrs. Hall,” said he, “but this is terrible weather for thin…
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“Feminist Studies” Volume 23, Number 3 by Claire G. Moses pp. 594-599
ConclusionI do not mean to imply that the lines on the question of separatism ran strictly in accordance with sexuality or that no other factors shaped the political practices of separatist organizing. As the evidence presented here makes clear, women with in the international women’s movement in the first half…
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“Feminist Studies” Volume 23, Number 3 by Claire G. Moses pp. 550-553
GENDERS UNDER PRODUCTIONWhen Mexico’s Border Industrialization Program was established in 1965, it was already framed in public, gendered rhet:lrics. The border, export-processing factories, known as “maquilas,” were ostensibly intended to hire men expelled from migrant labor jobs in the United States. However, like other export-processing factories in free-trade zones around…
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“Feminist Studies” Volume 23, Number 3 by Claire G. Moses pp.543 – 546
Male workers were willing to identify with her position, in terms of a shared class identity, as a “poor” person in need of employment; yet this shared identity implicitly rested on her new position within a patriarchal family where she was contributing to her husband’s household. This collective class support…
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Stylistic tests
Part I1. Find the word which is bookish in style:a. darkness b. harmonyc. foolish d. glad2. Find the word which is colloquial in style:a. parent b. fatherc. dad d. ancestor3. Find a non-literary word (slang):a. wife b. sisterc. missus d. mother4. Find a non-literary word (professionalism):a. a shop c. a…
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Familiar colloquial style isrepresented in spoken variety
Phonetic features:a) Casual and often careless pronunciation, use of deviant forms, e. g. gonna instead of going to, whatcha instead of what do you, dunno instead of don’t know.b) Use of reduced and contracted forms, e.g. you’re, they’ve, I’d.c) Omission of unaccented elements due to quick tempo ( you hear…
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Literary colloquial style
Phonetic features:a) Standard pronunciation in compliance (in accordance) with the national norm, enunciation (хорошая дикция).b) Phonetic compression of frequently used forms, e.g. it’s, don’t, I’ve.c) Omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo, e.g. you know him?Morphological features: Use of regular morphological features, e. g. evaluative suffixes deary, doggie,…
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Publicist (media) style
Phonetic features (in oratory):a) Standard pronunciation, wide use of prosody as a means of conveying the subtle shades of meaning, overtones and emotions.b) Phonetic compression.Morphological features:a) Frequent use of non-finite verb forms, such as gerund, participle, infinitive.b) Use of non-perfect verb forms.c) Omission of articles, link verbs, auxiliaries, pronouns, especially…
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Scientific/academic style
Morphological features:a) Terminological word building and word-derivation: neologism formation by affixation and conversion.b) Restricted use of finite verb forms.c) Use of the author’s we instead of I.d) Frequent use of impersonal constructions.Syntactical features:a) Complete and standard syntactical mode of expression.b) Syntactical precision to ensure the logical sequence of thought and…
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The style of official documents
Morphological features:a) Adherence to the norm, sometimes outdated or even archaic, e. g. in legal documents.Syntactical features:a) Use of long complex sentences with several types of coordination and subordination (up to 70 % of the text).b) Use of passive and participial constructions, numerous connectives.c) Use of objects, attributes and all…
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Functional stylistics
1. The notion of style in functional stylisticsThe notion of style has to do with how we use the language under specific circumstances for a specific purpose. The notion of using English, apart from using our knowledge of its linguistic structure also involves awareness of the numerous situations in which…
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Words of the colloquial layer
This layer also includes several subgroups:a) Colloquialisms or common colloquial words are the words that occupy an intermediate position between literary and non-literary stylistic layers and are used in conversational type of everyday speech (awfully sorry, a pretty little thing, teenager, flapper etc).They are usually used in private talks. Common…
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Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary
1. Words of the neutral layerThe word stock of any language may be represented as a definite system in which different aspects of words may be singled out as interdependent.Words may be grouped together on the basis of their common stylistic reference. Consider, for example, the following groups of words:inquire…
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